Persuasive Speech On Freedom Of Speech - 1119 Words

â€Å"Freedom of speech, let ‘em take it from me, next they’ll take it from you, then what you gonna do? Let ‘em censor books, let’em censor art, PRMC, this is where the witch hunt starts, you’ll censor what we see, we read, we hear , we learn.† - Critically Acclaimed Musician and Actor Ice- T. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances†.(First Amendment). The freedom of speech must be protected because it protects artists and allows people to express political dissent without fear of punishment. During times of†¦show more content†¦If questioning if â€Å" war on terrorism â€Å" is an unpatriotic act, the same unpatriotic label would be put on Jane Addams and Eugene V. Debs during WWI, Wayne Morse and Ernest Gruening ,who voted against the Gulf of Tonkin resolution in 1964, and even are 16th President Abraham Lincoln during the time of Mexican War. ( Foner par.10). The 1st Amendment protection is not limited to just â€Å"pure speech† such as books and newspapers, but it also protects â€Å" symbolic speech† nonverbal expression. This was made evident in the 1969 court decision Tinker v. Des Moines, that the court recognized the right of public school students to wear black armbands in the protest against of the Vietnam War.( American Civil Liberties Union par.8) The government can restrict some protected speech by imposing the â€Å" time, place and manner† restrictions. This mostly done by a requirement for permits for meetings, rallies and demonstrations. â€Å"But a permit cannot be unreasonably withheld, nor can it be denied based on content of the speech.† By the viewpoint it be discrimination- and that is unconstitutional.(American Civil Liberties Union par. 9). The commitment to freedom of imagination and expression is deeply embedded in our national psyche, buttressed by the 1st Amendment, and supported by a long line of Supreme Court decisions. American history is filled with countless example of overt government censorship, from the 1873 Comstock Law to the 1996Show MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech On Freedom Of Speech724 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough freedom of speech is protected under the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States the issue has been contested throughout our nations history. The latest battle for the First Amendment was started by Colin Kaepernick in 2016, when he took a knee during the National Anthem and has been continued by thousands of other players in the NFL and beyond. The players argue that African Americans are not treated equally in the United States, and if we disregard the inflammatory natureRead MorePersuasive Speech On Freedom Of Speech1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe first amendment of the united states constitution gives american citizens many very basic freedoms to their speech in whichever way they want to express it. The freedom of religion, speech, and assembly are covered in the first amendment. People in america right now take the freedom of speech as a privilege. Free speech is one of the most valuable, treasurable rights as a individual citizen in the united states of america. These rights have been exercised throughout history, and have producedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech800 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom of speech in America is defined by the right to express any opinions without any censorship or restraint. But it isn’t just defined by the words people speak aloud. It’s the actions they take part in to support the words they express. The writing of books and essays, creating artwork, giving speeches to grand crowds, voting, protesting. But do all people have the right to speak their mind? Should people be able to speak freely, to express opinions and thoughts, as promised in the United StatesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech758 Words   |  4 Pagesare going to be offended and there are things that should offend us. My point is not that it’s alright to offend people; offending someone on purpose is just wrong. However to seek to ban the offensive opinions of others is an assault on freedom of speech and freedom of thought. This belief has disrupted our education process, made us lose our sense of security, and it’s killing the american dream . Political correctness has in some ways leveled the playing field in schools. Is this a good thing? YourRead MorePersuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech1083 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom of Speech When the rules and doctrines of our country were first being assembled, the right minded individuals with the power of legislature took a page from John Locke and affirmed that Americans are endowed with a list of natural rights upon birth. The first and arguably most important notch on that list if the frequently used and abused First Amendment, our freedom of Speech. The First Amendment solemnly declares that Congress is incapable of passing any legislation which inhibits a citizen’sRead MorePersuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech1922 Words   |  8 Pageswith how America is at the moment. They are not happy with the Racism that America is said to be full of. The athletes use a form of freedom of speech to show their concern for the country. Some Americans find this act disrespectful to the flag and the military. Their form of freedom of speech is viewed as a form of patriotism. Their form of freedom of speech is also viewed as wrong and dishonoring. The athletes kneel to make a point, showing a sign of patriotism, but some Americans findRead MoreCritical Response Essay Final - I Have a Dream981 Words   |  4 PagesKing conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a persuasive speech, and for what purpose? ------------------------------------------------- I have chosen the question â€Å"How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose?† I have decided to analyse Martin Luther King’s classic Civil Rights Movement speech â€Å"I have a Dream† and how the structure of the speech creates a persuasive aspect for the audience. This task refers back to Part 1Read MorePatrick Henry Speech892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe speech, Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death, is to convince the House of Burgesses that there is no other alternative but war. Henry starts off by acknowledging the patriotism and abilities of the men who spoke before, and against him. Henry goes on to persuade his audience by use of rhetorical questions and comparisons to religious beliefs. Henry’s speech was very motivations, and inspirational, as well as urgent and persuasive. Patrick Henry did a good job, and at the height of his speech, heRead MoreAmerica s Constitution Was Built Upon The Fun damentals That All Citizens1065 Words   |  5 Pagesintolerance needs to stop. Additionally, they believe that citizens should become more accepting of others and willing to converse despite their differences. Bloomberg wrote in his commencement speech at Harvard’s graduation for the class of 2014 that, citizens of the U.S. should protect their freedom of speech and also to tolerate the beliefs of others. Likewise Kaminer argued in her essay A Civic Duty to Annoy published in â€Å"The Atlantic† that citizens have a responsibility to enter thought provokingRead MoreLeader Persuasion1290 Words   |  6 PagesHow persuasive can one be, how much power can one achieve with words? Successful leaders of different time periods and different categories possess the ability to use words effectively to lead through the power of persuasion. Whether in a Business, political, or religious leadership positions, successful leaders utilize and capitalize on the needs and wants of their followers through persuasive word choice High level persons are persuasive; they have to be. Powerful speakers such as Adolf Hitler

Arranged Marriages Essay - 1105 Words

Arranged Marriages What is an arranged marriage? Well in the Webster’s dictionary it is defined as a marriage where the marital partners are chosen by others based on considerations other than the pre-existing mutual attraction of the partners. This habit has been very common in noble families, especially in reigning ones, at the scope of combining and perhaps enforcing the respective strengths of originary families (and kingdoms) of the spouses. A relevant part of history has been influenced by these unions. Arranged marriage is also the marriage concluded with the help of a middleman, once frequent in less cultivated social classes. In some areas it is the man who chooses his wife, often paying some money for her, to her family and†¦show more content†¦Now during mid-evil England, Woman’s out look on marriage was based on social status and they believed that they should marry higher class in order to be recognized in society. While as the men during this era looked at women as more of an object designed for their amusement and didn’t hold women in high regard, this of course was different when referring to the King, he held his queen with the highest respects and didn’t lower himself to such acts. Also arranged marriages were also used in a manner of keeping peace among enemies by offering their daughters to the opposing enemy in marriage to keep the peace. This also plays to Royalty as well when it came to neighboring countries to help keep the alliance strong among countries. Of course by current times much of this has long been forgotten and is no longer practiced. India/Middle East – In India arranged marriages are still done today and with strict rules and beliefs behind them most couples are forced by there parents to marry, some practices still in use is the marriage of twins to another set of twins. Also most marriages done are to better the existing family in wealth and in social status but like all systems, the arranged marriage can be abused. There have been a few highly publicised cases of harassment for bigger dowries; of fathers with daughters becoming financially stripped by endless demands for expensive gifts, of tyrannical interfering in-laws. And it goes without saying, no marriage, not evenShow MoreRelatedThe Marriage Of Arranged Marriage1619 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectations. Should this be the way to go about marriage, or does this hinder a person’s ability to live for themselves? In India alone, around 90% of marriages are arranged by their families (CNN). They would choose who ever they believe would best fit the person, but not necessarily love them (Queano). Although arranged marriage is a custom in many countries, is it the right thing to do? People deserve the right to choose for themselves whom they will marry. Marriage is about love and finding the right personRead MoreThe Marriage Of Arranged Marriage1666 Words   |  7 Pageswife? That is how arranged marriages work, someone else choses your spouse for you. We are now living in a generation where we are highly influenced by what we see in the media. Cultures that practice arranged marriage are now shifting toward the Western norms of marriage. Many people are not familiar with arranged marriages and come to judge to quickly without having any knowledge on the topic. Arranged marriage is a marriage that is organized by two families for the marriage of their son or daughterRead MoreThe Marriage Of Arranged Marriage1895 Words   |  8 Pages Arranged marriage is a form of marital union in which family members or matchmakers select spouses for someone based on cultural background, financial status, dietary habits, religion and other key factors. This type of marriage is mostly practiced in the Middle East, South East Asia, Africa and some South American countries. In contrast, love marriage (free will) is a form of marriage that is used in countries that practice arranged marriages to define a marriage in which partners are allowedRead MoreA Arranged Marriage1992 Words   |  8 Pagesplanned. The practice of marriage has been around since the earliest civilizations. To this day still continues just as strong. However the possibility of finding the potential other person to spend the rest of your life can find you or can be found through an outside connection. As a result of modern social constructs and the methodology of traditional arranged marriages, they do not possess the marital requirements essential to succeed in the western culture. An arranged marriage can be defined as theRead MoreArranged Marriages And Love Marriages1617 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 1A 5 May 2015 Arranged Marriage: In the broadest sense, marriages have been divided into two general categories; arranged marriages and love marriages. As the name implies, an arranged marriage is defined as a marriage where the bride and groom are exclusively selected by a third party (usually their parents), while in a love marriage, people choose their marital partners based on their feelings or attraction for one another. In America and Western Europe, marriages based on love, have dominatedRead MoreArranged Marriage : A Type Of Marriage1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of an Arranged Marriage is; a type of marriage that is established before a lengthy relationship. To make the definition more clear, it is the opposite of a love marriage. Typically in a love marriage, the final step in the relationship is marriage. That is not the case in an arranged marriage. One of the first steps besides meeting your new spouse, is getting married. The main factor of an arranged marriage are the parents. The parents a re what makes the marriage possible because theyRead MoreA Study On Arranged Marriages1715 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Berger Research Paper Core 7 Arranged Marriages Cultures and countries around the world have differing views on many topics such as whether or not babies should be baptized, vaccinations, abortion and marriages. One topic that has been of controversy and is viewed differently in many countries is marriage and whether or not arranged marriages are better than love marriages. There are several different reasons why people in India believe that arranged marriages are the best; likewise, people inRead MoreEssay on Arranged Marriages786 Words   |  4 Pagescomes to mind when you hear the words arranged marriage? I am sure a happy, respectful, loving relationship was not what popped into your mind. Arrange marriages are a complex subject, and the concept is perceived as a human rights issue where individuals loose the right to freedom of choice. In saying that, my initial opinion of an arranged marriage was not held in high regard. However, after being introduced to someone who is in the process of an arranged marriage; and conductin g my own research; myRead MoreAre Arranged Marriages and Forced Marriages Unethical1550 Words   |  7 PagesAre Arranged Marriages and Forced Marriages Unethical? Would you consider having your marriage forced or arranged to a person you never met or seen before? Most probably no, but this is happening to many young females and males all over the world. Arranged and forced marriages have been a heated debate in certain cultures, justifying whether it is good or bad it’s hard to judge. There have however also been many changes to these traditions in contemporary society, regarding culture clashing. ResearchingRead MoreThe Procedure Of Arranged Marriages2654 Words   |  11 Pagesprocedures in which a person goes through in arranged marriages. We must first understand what arrange marriages is, its procedures and its traditions before we can talk about love marriages in comparison to it. Love marriages are marriages that are done based on love and individuals often know enough about their mate they are getting married to. My main focus in this paper is about arranged marriages in India and what individuals go through in this type of marr iage. Growing up I always knew that when one

Unit 4 Business Communication Free Essays

Verbal communication Verbal communication is when a person communicates with someone in a way that they can hear and understand each other. It can be done in many different ways such as telephone, face to face and meetings. Although verbal communication is the easiest it has its advantages and its disadvantages just like every way of communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 4 Business Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now In terms of Tesco’s verbal communication the example are the following: * Customer services * Tannoy system * Meetings * Interaction with customers The tannoy system is one way of the verbal communication in the Tesco industry they use them a lot for either flinging a lost child in the shop or getting staff to a till immediately this is one of the fastest ways of communication in a Tesco shop. The second way of communication in is meeting the also use them a lot because that’s one of the most important things in the business, they need to sit and discourse about what’s happening in the business what they need to do to make it better. The biggest and most important communication in Tesco is the verbal interaction with the customers. Written We see written information everywhere on a day to day base around Tesco information is any information written down in words or symbols. This is the one of the easiest ways to communicate with a person and written information can really help the customers that are deaf or hard hearing. * posters * letters * reports * PowerPoint * leaflets Web-based- Web bases information is collection and distributing information through the web or internet. For Tesco’s website web-based information can be used for in informing Competitor and performance for the customers the people that don’t know anything about the website and have an interest for chopping at Tesco’s and the staff within or outside the shop. * Internet * On-Screen On-screen information is any information that I presented on screen such as a presentation for collages by showing lessons, using the computer, this can apply to chats, web-based information, and computer information Multimedia Multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media. This includes text, graphs, audio, video, etc. How to cite Unit 4 Business Communication, Papers

Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions - MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about the Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions. Answer: Introduction: There are different theories of learning that have been postulated, which influence the way people learn. One theory that has been posited is the constructivism, which states that learners construct knowledge through mental reorganization when interacting with the environment. Entrepreneurs play a pivotal role as drivers of the economy globally. In this course on entrepreneurial theories, I feel that I have used this approach in order to make sense of the different approaches that have been set forth. The Gibbs model of reflection is an important tool in reflecting on the learning journey. I use it as the primary tool in order to present my reflections during this course. During this course, I was surprised to discover that the concept of entrepreneurism has many varied theories that seek to explain it. It was presented as a distinct concept worthy of scholarly discourse and this was an eye opener to me. I had always assumed that an entrepreneur is someone with qualities that are arcane and which have no scientific explanation. The various theories dispelled this notion that I had always believed to be true. I was able to identify with the Risk Bearing theory, since I had always assumed entrepreneurs to be risk takers. The different theories that were discussed helped to broaden my understanding of economic activity within the parameters of being an entrepreneur. The different theories have changed the way I feel about the different theories that have been set. Entrepreneurs are one of the main factors that drive economic activity and are presented as concept that is distinct. Peter Druckers theory states that new values are generated according to his postulation (Nikolowski, 2016). I thought that was a positive outcome, since most entrepreneurs are portrayed as being amoral and without ethical values. I felt this was beneficial as it gave the human face to entrepreneurs apart from material gain. At the same time, I was anxious to learn more in terms of wanting to relate real entrepreneurs to each theory. I felt that this was not effectively done and this remains as a gap which I need do further studies. My evaluation in different group discussions is that most of the other students did not see the possibility of becoming entrepreneurs in the future. The discussions took on a purely theoretic approach with few or no references to real world situations. There was little effort made in linking the different theories to different enterprises or entrepreneurs. This gave me cause for concern as the topic did not have the depth of academic exchange necessary for future real life application. Most students felt that despite all the body of knowledge presented, entrepreneurs are made and not taught. Their take was that one is born with a special ability which cannot be taught within the classroom context. Stage four: Analysis. The different theories that have been set out are improvements on the early postulations: Jean-Baptise Say improved on the approach taken by Richard Cantillon (Brown Christopher, 2013). Each theorist propounded on one aspect that aims to build the overall body knowledge on entrepreneurism. This is effective in sealing the knowledge gaps and holistically makes the topic complete. Frank Knight focuses on taking risks while Max Weber narrows down to the immediate society as the main factor of driving entrepreneurism (Foss, Foss Klein, 2007). Mark Casson posits that economic conditions which are conducive are the main promoter of entrepreneurism (Acs Audretsch, 2010). Thus the different theories are not competing but complementary in nature and this is helpful in gaining competency in this course unit. Stage five: Conclusion. One thing that I feel was not given enough time for discussion is where entrepreneurs do not fit any theory that has been set forth. The approach that was taken was where the theory is set forth as the donkey pulling the cart. The theory comes first to justify the cart it is pulling. I believe that there could be situations where the cart (read the entrepreneur) can come first and they can justify a completely new theoretical approach (Alvarez, 2005).The changing dynamics that are impacted by technology were not also concretely given proper discourse (Steyaert Hjorth, 2006). I will have to look up academic literature that presents the impact of technology on new entrepreneurs and whether this changes the current theories that have been presented. Stage six: Action Plan. The experience gleaned from this course is that I am more prepared to start a business enterprise with knowledge that is relevant. I had never thought of starting on my own as an entrepreneur, but this course has changed my outlook. Knowing the different approaches that have been presented are helpful while the real examples we discussed is motivational and inspirational (Hockerts, 2017). Combining knowledge with motivation and inspiration is a recipe for success as an entrepreneur. It has helped reveal my strengths which are the moral values I espouse. It has also exposed my weaknesses which was taking risks. Overcoming the limitations and leveraging on my strengths will help me to become a successful entrepreneur once I graduate. Entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in the global economy. Learning approaches differ according to the different theories that have been postulated. Within the context of this unit, constructivism was the approach that I took in order to make sense of the topic on entrepreneurism. The Gibbs reflective cycle has been useful in reflecting on my learning journey in this unit. Starting with the description to the action plan, I have been able to articulate what I felt and the gaps that I identified. I was also able to analyze and evaluate my learning process and what I still need to study in order to have a deeper grasp of the topic. I feel I am better prepared to launch into a career as an entrepreneur and this knowledge is relevant and helpful. References A?cs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B. (2010). Handbook of entrepreneurship research. New York: Springer. Alvarez, S. (2005). Theories of entrepreneurship: Alternative assumptions and the study of entrepreneurial action. Boston: Now. Brown, C., Thornton, M. (2013). HOW ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY CREATED ECONOMICS. Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 16(4), 401-419. Callara, L. R. (2008). Nursing education challenges in the 21st century. New York: Nova Science Pub. Foss, K., Foss, N. J., Klein, P. G. (2007). Original and Derived Judgment: An Entrepreneurial Theory of Economic Organization. Organization Studies (01708406), 28(12), 1893-1912. doi:10.1177/0170840606076179 Hockerts, K. (2017). Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory Practice, 41(1), 105-130. doi:10.1111/etap.12171 Nikolowski, K. (2016). SOCIETY OF KNOWLEDGE AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ECONOMY: SOME VIEWS OF DRUCKER. Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University Of Targu-Jiu. Economy Series, (5), 95-100. Steyaert, C., Hjorth, D. (2006). Entrepreneurship as social change: A third new movements in entrepreneurship book. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar.

Men As Entertainment Essays - , Term Papers

Men As Entertainment Since the very beginning the earth we are living on has been the mens world. It is men who are responsible for worlds affairs and also for everyday things, as the tradition and customs show. However, they are such strange creatures that their acts can often make us irritated and even mad. In order not to become crazy women should consider men only as entertainment and nothing more. Starting from the early age boys show incredible talents to amuse others. It is absolutely adorable to see them pulling girls plaits, teasing, pinching, flicking and smacking them. Amazingly, some boys can cultivate this special entertainment even when they grow up. As they become older, men have incredible artistic skills needed to become a perfect entertainer. Do all women not love them when they whistle seeing ladies on the street? Their swearing sounds like poetry, and burping is the fundamental part of the most intellectual conversation. Undoubtedly men can bring a relief to womens life using their inborn talents. Having a dilemma, which she cannot solve and only becomes nervous, a woman can always count on men who easily find the answer to the all worlds troubles and make the day brighter saying: is it your premenstrual tension, honey?. Finally, working on important posts men are even funnier than anywhere else. It is enough to look at politicians. Indisputably they would have no problems with suiting the circus arena as clowns. To sum up, men appear to have natural genius for entertaining. Perhaps it is a kind of their escape from reality or just the way of living their silly brains have produced. But no matter what the cause of mens behaviour is, women cannot complain long. After all, we all love men and that is just the way it is in this crazy world. Sociology Essays

Why social recruiting is the next big thing for recruiters

Why social recruiting is the next big thing for recruiters When you think about what’s changed the job search more than anything else over the past 10 years or so, it’s probably the exponentially growing influence of social media. Job seekers have learned to be more cautious about what they post online (at least they should be), and it’s opened up a whole new pool of recruitment potential for employers. To a certain extent, companies still follow the old recruitment model- put out a job opportunity and the response will include a number of qualified candidates. But more and more, organizations are looking to take advantage of the organic networking of social media to boost their recruiting.This focus on outreach to potential candidates via social platforms like LinkedIn, Facebook, or Twitter is known as â€Å"social recruiting.† This isn’t just posting job ads on sites and hoping for the best- social recruiting is a proactive method for reaching new candidates by searching for profiles with specific qualiti es, interacting with potential candidates on the platform, and letting people know about specific job opportunities. This is a huge growth area for hiring companies and recruiters- in fact, nearly 60% of recruiters rated candidates that came in through social recruiting as â€Å"highest quality,† according to a JobVite survey.So why should companies consider embracing this trend more fully?It’s cost-effectiveJob advertisements are getting more expensive all the time, and the results can be†¦mixed. Social recruiting gives recruiters more control over the talent pool and more visibility into the talent available. Unlike advertising, associated costs (if there are any) are minimal.The right platform can yield great resultsThere are obvious places to start (like  LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook), but more specialized platforms can really step up your recruiting game. For example, if you’re looking for a designer, you might want to try Instagram or other visua lly-oriented social media platforms.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});It’s an update on word-of-mouth hiringReferrals are a time-honored way to bring in good candidates for a particular job- someone who knows what’s required of the job (an employee or colleague) refers someone he or she knows who might be a good fit. The â€Å"insider track† helps narrow the field, but it also yields high-quality results. Plus, the eventual turnover rate is lower, as referred employees have a turnover rate of about 13%, versus 19% for employees hired through more traditional recruitment channels. The difference here is that the â€Å"referrer† is the candidate’s publicly searchable information.It reflects the changing workforceThe early adopters of social media, Millennials, are now the largest segment of the American workforce. Social recruiting signals a willingness to meet these potential employees on their own terms in an incre asingly digital landscape. Facebook is currently the most popular platform among this group, but developing a strong social recruiting platform now means being able to adjust to whatever social networks come next.It makes recruiting more active, less passiveBeing able to reach out directly to potential candidates is an advantage. Job seekers spend a lot of time and energy building and refining their online presence in the hopes of getting that next big opportunity. Companies who go looking for candidates are able to find these savvier, well-prepared candidates faster and more efficiently, rather than waiting for them to come through a traditional pipeline.Social recruiting is the wave of the future because it makes sense for recruiters who want to find the best candidates while making the most of their recruitment resources. It’s an opportunity for people on both sides (job seekers and job fillers) to work together to make the hiring process a better, more informed propositio n for everyone involved.

American Slave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American Slave - Essay Example Most slave owners had one great fear that of slaves learning how to write and read. The owners knew that the less the slaves knew the better they would be. Having the potential to write and read meant that, slaves would realize that they are equal to their masters. This would lead to them questioning slave owners about their treatment towards their fellow men. Douglas started reading and writing. As he kept on reading more it became easy to look at things extraordinarily differently. His attitude changed altogether. He started seeing things, not as a slave but a citizen. As a result of his gain in knowledge, he started to envy illiterate slaves, who did not understand the horrible living conditions. Therefore, he could not at all bear the thought of being captive as a slave (Fredrick 33). Any slave who got noticed by his master to be a quick learner or trying to read and write, he or she would be stopped and discouraged from learning. This is because slave owners never wanted their slaves to become aware of the news about slavery. Slave owners never wanted their slaves to know anything related to being free or freedom. In spite of the harsh rules against a teaching of slaves, they always found a way to gain knowledge of how to read or write. All this happened by Douglas holding classes on Sundays where slaves from other farms and plantation who sneaked and risked their lives, came over to learn (Fredrick 34). At the time, when Douglas is extremely young, he witnesses a slave getting whipped for the first time.

HUMAN RESOURCES IN ACTION Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HUMAN RESOURCES IN ACTION - Assignment Example Jobseekers would evaluate the requirements of particular jobs before engaging in the application process of such jobs. This paper analyses the websites of Fairmont Hotels and Resorts and DoubleTree by Hilton, henceforth referred to as Fairmont and DoubleTree respectively, to determine how their effectiveness in meeting the needs of jobseekers. Overview of the Chosen Companies Fairmont operates luxury hotels and resorts in nineteen countries around the world. Founded in 1907, its headquarters is in Canada (http://www.fairmont.com/). Founded in 1969, DoubleTree is a hotel global brand with presence in over 325 locations in five continents (http://doubletree3.hilton.com/en/index.html). Its headquarters is in Virginia, US. These companies have incorporated the capabilities of information technology into their human resources functions, both leveraging on their website capabilities. Interestingly, both hotels have Taleo as their website developer. Being in the hospitality industry, the ho mepage of each of the websites provide convenient navigation for customers seeking to make bookings or to directly contact the companies, each displaying not only their traditional telephone numbers and postal addresses but also the addresses of their various social network subscriptions. Important to this task would be the careers tab which appears on both websites enabling the companies get in touch with potential employees. Evaluation of the Careers Tabs on the Websites It would be noted that the careers tab on each of the websites appear in small font and would not be easy to note as compared to other tabs such as those on about the companies and the offers available. This could be interpreted as the companies’ greater interest in attracting customers as opposed to interest in attracting others players in its distribution chain, including potential employees. Since the tab appears at the bottom of the homepage in each website, the jobseeker would be required to scroll dow n the webpage, making it a difficult to navigate to this webpage. The careers tab leads to web pages that give descriptions on the careers available in each of the companies. Fairmont headlines this webpage as ‘an extraordinary company; an extraordinary career’ with the ‘extraordinary’ emphasized by bolding. This could be a strategy to assure jobseekers of their prowess in the industry. To further attract the best pool of skills, the company encourages one to click on their ‘search position’ tab to identify exciting job opportunities. DoubleTree’s strategy for capturing the best skills in the market involves wording, introducing itself as the â€Å"most recognizable hotel brand in virtually every region of the world.† Fairmont’s website career tab has minimal information on job opportunities. It prompts one to search for available opportunities. Therefore, unless one is searching for a specific vacancy, no general informati on on career opportunities would be available, as filled in positions would return no meaningful results. It would be interesting to however note that the website has an option of one creating a profile based on which email alerts would be delivered every time an opportunity that matches such a profile arises. DoubleTree on the other hand provides much more information based on what the job seeker is looking for. It categorizes its careers into regions and level of professional qualification. Therefore, depending on what a job seeker is loo

Article Summary and Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article Summary and Reaction Paper - Essay Example Marvels claim was that its obligations to pay royalty for the patent ceases when the patent expires. Marvel relied on an earlier Supreme Court decision in Brullote v Thys Co., which found that agreements are not enforceable when patents expire. Mr. Kimble asked the court to overrule its previous decision (Kendall, 2015). The principles of stare decisis provide that courts should adhere to previous precedents of earlier cases. Stare decisis is an important aspect of a common law system and follows that once a court answers a question, subsequent questions to the court should be answered in a similar manner (Anderlini, Felli, & Riboni, 2014). The courts should seek to follow precedents to maintain the stability of the law. The courts should rarely overrule its precedents unless there are strong reasons because doing so sets a new interpretation of a legal issue (Waldron, 2012). In the current case, the court considered overruling the precedent established in Brullote v Thys Co. The article showed that the doctrine of stare decisis is binding on subsequent decisions by the court and that a court may only overrule its precedent if there are good reasons to do

Strategic Planning, Mintzberg

Strategic Planning, Mintzberg Roll of strategic planning and implementation Introduction According to Mintzberg et al (2003, p.10) ‘A strategy is the pattern or plan that integrates an organisations major goals, policies, and action sequences into a cohesive whole. A well formulated strategy helps to marshal and allocate an organisations resources into a unique and viable posture based on its relative internal competencies and shortcomings, anticipated changes in the environment, and contingent moves by intelligent opponents. Likewise Haberburg and Rieple (2008, p.6) defined strategy as ‘ a strategy is the set of actions through which an organisation , by accident or design, develops resources and uses them to deliver services or products in a way which its users find valuable, while meeting the financial and other objectives and constraints imposed by key stakeholders. In contrast White (2004, p.5) defined strategy as ‘a coordinated series of actions which involve the deployment of resources to which one has access for the achievement of a given purpose. Furthermore strategy ‘is a process of translating perceived opportunity into successful outcomes, by means of purposive action sustained over a significant period of time. Lynch (2000, p.8) defined corporate strategy as ‘ it is the pattern of major objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business the company is in or is to be in and the kind of company it is or is to be. Morden (2007, p.14) revealed, Strategic Management is concerned with the character and direction of the enterprise as a whole. It is concerned with basic decisions about what the enterprise is now, and what it is to be in the future. It determines the purpose of the enterprise. It provide the framework for decisions about people, leadership, customers or clients , risk, finance, resources, products, systems, technologies, location, competition, and time. It determines what enterprise should be capable of achieving, and what it will not choose to do. It will determine whether and how the organisation will add value, and what form that added value should take. Strategic management is also concerned with management planning and decision making for the decision making for the medium and long-term future. It is considered with the anticipation of that future and with the establishment of a vision or view of how the enterprise should develop into the future that it must face. Strategic Planning According to Marios I.Katsioloudes (2006) â€Å"Strategic planning is the process by which a system maintains its competitiveness within its work environment by determining where the organization is, where it wants to go, and how it wishes to get there. In other words, strategic planning involves examining what strategies will enable to corporation or association to prosper in future† Strategic planning is a process where you determine the strengths and weakness of your business. You also can set your companys goals, objective and mission statement during this process. We can say this that strategic planning is a management tool for organizing. Its also lead an organizing from where is now to future. A good definition is strategic planning is â€Å"the process of determining a companys long-term goals and than indentifying the best approach for achieving those goals.† Without a strategic planning an organization will never know where it going. Importance Strategic planning is a very important for an organization. And its help to achieve An organizations goals and its also helps to provide direction and focus for all employees. It points to specific results that are to be achieved and establishes a course of action for achieving them. A strategic plan also helps the various work units within an organization to align themselves with common goals. Strategic planning Process In the earlier 1970s, various large firms adopted an official top-down strategic planning model. With this model, strategic planning became a planned process in which top executives from time to time would prepare the firms strategy, and then communicate it down the organization for implementation. The following strategic planning process model discuses below. Mission | V Objectives | V Situation Analysis | V Strategy Formulation | V Implementation | V Control This process is most appropriate for strategic management at the business unit level in organization. For large corporations, strategy at the corporate level is more concerned with managing a selection of businesses. In the process outlined here, company or firm will be used to signify a single-business firm or a single business unit of a diversified firm. Mission A mission is important key factor of any organization. The mission often expressed in the form of a mission statement of any organization, which conveys a sense of purpose to employees and projects a company image to customers. In the strategy formulation process, the mission statement sets the mood of where the company should go. Objectives Objectives are actual goals that the organization will achieve, for example, an earnings growth target. The objectives should be challenging but achievable. They also should be considerable so that the company can monitor its progress and make corrections as needed. Situation Analysis Once the firm has specified its objectives, it starts with its current situation to set up a strategic plan to fulfil those objectives. Changes in the external environment and make new opportunities and new ways to achieve their objectives. An environmental scan is performing to find out the available opportunities. The situation analysis therefore involves an analysis of both the external and internal environment. The external environment has two dimensions: the macro-environment affects all firms and a micro-environment that affects only the firms in a particular industry. The macro-environmental analysis includes political, economic, social, and technological factors and sometimes is called PEST analysis. An important part of the micro-environmental analysis is the industry in which the firm operates or is considering operating. Michael Porter devised a five forces framework that is useful for industry analysis. We also can use SWOT Model to Analysis Companys internal and external situation. Strength and weakness use for internal analysis and opportunity and threats use for external analysis of any organisations as show in the diagram below. Strategy Formulation Once we get a clear image of the organization and its environment in hands, exact strategic alternatives can be applied. Infect different firms has different alternatives depending on their situation, there also exist generic strategies that can be applied across a wide range of firms. Control Once we applied the strategy, the results of the strategy need to be calculated and evaluated, with changes need to be required to keep the idea on path. Strategy implementation De Wit and Meyer (2005, p.278) revealed, the implementation of the strategy comprises a series of sub activities that are primarily administrative. If purpose is determined then the resources of a company can be mobilized to accomplish it. An organisational structure appropriate for the efficient performance of the required tasks must be made effective by information systems and relationships permitting coordination of subdivided activities. Furthermore the role of personal leadership is important and sometimes decisive in the accomplishment of strategy. Although we know that organisational structure and processes of compensation, incentives, control and management development influence and constraint the formulation of strategy, we should look first at the logical proposition that structure should follow strategy on order to cope later with the organisational reality that strategy also follows structure. When we have examined both tendencies, we will understand and to some extent be prepared to deal with the interdependence of the formulation and implementation of corporate purpose. According to Henry (2008, p.10) ‘effective implementations of strategies require the organisation to be sufficiently flexible in its organisational culture and design. Strategies need to be communicated, understood, and properly coordinated with the stakeholders inside and outside the organisation. In an age of collaboration, this may involve discussions with suppliers and partners. Although the leader of the organisation will ultimately be responsible for a strategys success or failure, their role should be to encourage and create an organisational culture which empowers managers to respond to opportunities. In this way each employee will be confident to try out new ideas and innovate without fear of reprisals. White (2004, p.618), the implementation of a successful strategy is to focus on the five Cs as the basic requirement needed to keep the separate units in any organisation to achieve the objectives of strategy. The five Cs are: Coordination, Communication, Command, Control and Conflict/consensus. Coordination: There should be coordination at every step of strategy making, certainly in the process of formulation and implementation between the stakeholders, different cooperating enterprises and organisational levels, and between different internal units within the enterprise itself. Communication: Coordination is only possible with the help of proper communication of information concerning objectives and threats, capabilities and threats, risks and threats. The accurate information must be communicated. Command: â€Å"It is passed downward, reflecting the hierarchy of authority which characterizes every organisation. It should be rarely given and only when absolutely necessary, in crises or to resolve a particular conflict. It is held in reserve for when is needed. Everyone should be aware of possibility of command but it does not have to be used. There are some occasions when decisive action is necessary, but most the time staff should be aware of what they need to do without being prompted. Control: It is often exercised indirectly and discretely, through incentive structures and globalization of a corporate culture. There are direct control systems in certain areas such as finance. It is better that all become committed to following the broad directions of the strategy without explicit instructions. The outlines of strategy provide the guidelines are internalized and do not require endless repetition. Each decision maker has their own domain or is of control, all well understood, and obtains from intervention on other domains unless invited or if there is a crisis. Conflict / Consensus: Honest disagreements are certain in any organisation. It is a vital aspect of any creative activity, since creative thinking means thinking outside the normal boundaries. If a new idea is to change behaviour, it needs to be argued out in the forum of enterprise where there will inevitably by those who cannot agree. Any proposal for change for change almost always invites conflict of kind, hostility from those opposed to a new way of thinking or to change.† Strategic Management Process Thompson and Strickland (2003, p.6) defined term strategic management â€Å"it refers to the managerial process of forming a strategic vision, setting objectives, crafting a strategy, implementation and executing the strategy, and then over time initiating whatever corrective adjustment in the vision, objectives, strategy, and execution are deemed appropriate. Strategic Vision: A strategic vision of a company reflects managements aspirations for the organisation and its business, providing a panoramic view of ‘what we are doing and giving specifics about its future business plans and giving specifics about its future business plans. It brings out long-term business purpose and shape the organisational identity. A strategic vision helps an organisation in a particular direction and in a strategic path for it to follow. Setting Objectives: ‘The purpose of setting objectives is to convert managerial statements of strategic vision and business mission into specific performance targets, i.e. results and outcomes the organisation wants to achieve. Crafting a Strategy: Strategy making brings into the critical managerial issue of how to achieve the targeted results in light of the organisations situation and prospects. Objectives are ends and the strategy is the means of achieving them. Implementing and Executing the strategy: Strategy implementation concerns the managerial exercise of putting a freshly chosen strategy into place. Likewise ‘strategy execution deals with the managerial exercise of supervising the ongoing pursuit of strategy, making it work, improving the competence with which it is executed, and showing measurable progress in achieving the target results.† Case: British Airways Airline industries and carriers are facing very hard time, because recession has affected the business and the industries have to reduce their prices and are not making well profit as compared to the past. As it is a worldwide fast growing industry making airlines more complex and challenging. Because of recession and increased number of unemployments in airline industries. British Airways is the UKs largest international airline, flying to 6 domestic destinations over 148 international destinations at multiple times, to the all best located airports. The major place of business is Heathrow, one of the worlds premier airport locations. BA also operates a worldwide air cargo business. But still British Airways had to restructured and make some serious strategic changes to avoid the bankruptcy or the closure. BA had his vision to achieve their goal and took effective and reasonable steps to compete in the market with its performance and operation under the last couple of years. Market fell from more than 30 per cent in 1998 to about 20 per cent in 2005. This year, BA announced the worst half-year losses in its history. During the six months to September 2009, the company face a  £292m ($485m) loss, compared with  £52m profits during the same period a year earlier. In order to survive and to make an easy recovery in this competitive environment and to attain a leadership in the industry BA has taken strong steps to upgrade the systems and technology, In order to increased the fleet size British Airways ordered 36 new long haul Aircraft on 27th September 2007 which includes 12 A380s,and 24 Boeing 787s. British Airways also ordered on 1st February 2008 Airbus A318s to run a premium services out from London City Airport to New York. This fitted luxury 32 lie flat beds in business class cabin. The increase in technology like online ticketing, online checking also enhances the BA business. Because customer has no need to stand in queue. Innovative flight service such as sleeper service will attract more customers. Introduction of the terminal 5 on the HEATHROW AIRPORT will help increasing of the flig hts of the BA and able to provide more relaxed environment to its customers. Possible merger of the BRITISH AIRWAYS and QANTAS AIRLINE could be the great opportunity to become absolute market leader of the world. Willie Walsh stated that British Airways had reduced 1,450 staff members since March 2009. They also reduced the overtime and 500 redundancies were made. Twenty percent of future capital expenditure is reduced this year from 725 million pounds to 580 million pounds and it will be the same through out this year. Mr. Willie Walsh also admitted that this structural change of British Airways is necessary for survival and long term success. British Airways managed with its comprehensive and proactive strategy to accelerate its return to profitability and economic welfare well in advance of its rivals. The airline announced that it is planning to raise  £680 million of liquidity through a  £350 million convertible bond issue and by gaining access to bank facilities which are currently used to provide guarantees to its pension funds. This will increase liquidity to approximately  £2 billion. Conclusion A successful and well-organized strategic plan can recognize the organisations strength, and related weaknesses, determining the new opportunity and with useful action resolve the problems. These can be either from the capabilities and expertise of an organisation or from the actual market demand. Successful strategy plan is when there is a continues perfection and effective use of time and resources. The role of manager is very important to make organisation profit-making or non- profit making with taking right decisions. He should think strategically rather than operationally. The main factor of strategic planning is that how the information gained, implement and used. References Mintzberg, H., Lampel, L., Quinn, J. Ghoshal, S. (2003) The Strategic Process, 4th edition, Prentice Hall publishing, New Jersey. White, C. 2004, Strategic Management, 1st edition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York Lynch, R., 2000, Corporate Strategy, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Harlow Morden, T. 2007, Principles of Strategic Management, 3rd edition, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot. Haberberg, A. Rieple, A. 2008, Strategic Management: theory and application, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, New York. De Wit, B. Meyer, R. 2005, Strategic Synthesis: Resolving strategy paradox to create competitive advantage, 2nd edition, Thompson, London. Henry, A. 2008, Understanding Strategic Management, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, New York. Thompson, A., Strickland A.J., 2003, Strategic Management: concepts and cases, 13th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Marios I.Katsioloudes Ph. D, (2006) Strategic Management, Global Cultural perspectives for profit and non-profit organisation, p 2, 6 Lynch, R., 2003, Corporate Strategy, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Harlow URL Source: www.investorwords.com/4774/strategic_planning.html Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.onlinebusadv.com/index.php?PAGE=14 Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.netmba.com/strategy/process/ Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://hrmadvice.com/assets/images/swotanalysis.jpg Date of Access: 25th February 2010 URL Source: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/about-british-airways/public/en_gb Date of Access 25th February 2010

Responsible Driving Essay -- essays research papers

Responsible Driving "Imagine a crowd of 44,000 people in the stands at a World Series or Super Bowl game. A television camera scans the individual faces --- some exuberant, some anxious --- all sports fans out for a good time. As many people as are in that crowd will die in highway accidents this year. More than half of those accidents will involve alcohol, alone or in combination with other drugs. A disproportionate number of the dead will be young, between the ages of 15 and 24. One group, 16 year olds, will be in 40% of all the singl-car, alcohol related crashes" (Knox 19). This statement shows the high risk and number of fatalities due to driving. It is very important to learn safe and responsible driving skills, which is why I am giving this speech. If you are prepared and know all of your stuff before your behind the wheel youll probobly do a better job and know the correct manerisms and etiquites of driving. The main purpose of this speech is to let you know how to drive responsibly and safely. I will first review the dangers and risks of driving to let you know what your getting into if you use illegal substances or drive improperly. Then I will go into the basic signs,signals and rules of driving to inform you of the current laws and regulations. Finally I will go through a step-by-step process of driving, from getting out of the drive way to turning onto a highway. Accident risk is the chance of injury to yourself or others and the chance of damage to vehicles and property. All driving involves risk. You have tonotice that risk always exists and can sneak up on you at any time. 85% of all collisions are the drivers first collision. 49% of vehicle crashes involve only one car. The liklihood of being in a collision any year is only 1/5 people.The chances of suffering an injury that is serious enough to disable you is 1/83 people (Kenel, 8) . As you can see risk is always very high and should never be forgot. One huge risk in driving is to be under the influence of an illegal substance or drug. There are many kinds of drugs that affect you perception and driving skills. They include Over the counter drugs, Prescription drugs, Depressants, Stimulants, Hallucinogens and Narcotics. Over the cou... ...hod. Whichever way feels most comfortable to you. Also when turning use blinkers and slow down a bit (Handbook). Tracking is how you keep your car on a chosen path. Track smoothly while going fast to prevent accidents (Handbook). The final two things to knowing how to drive is braking and stopping. In bracking you should know the amount of pressure needed to brake the car your driving. Also you always want to keep an adequate braking distance between you and the car ahead (Kenel 120). When stopping check for following cars, apply firm, steady pressure on the brakes and come to a complete stop. Leave the transmission in drive if you plan to move ahead in the next minute (Kenel 121). That pretty much wraps up my how to drive instructions. I hope that I have informed you of many new things that you didnt know. If you understood what I have said you are guarenteed to be a little ahead when its your time to go to driving school. I didnt know some of the trivial details ,involving laws and signals , before but now I do. I also know that every thing about driving is important because your life and others are always at risk. So for now ,bye and happy driving.

Motivational Interviewing

Motivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There are some specific strategies that have been used to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes: assessing the client's view of the issue and seeing if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, helping the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isn't about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses t echniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together; they can examine goals and resolve ambivalence, therefore; motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be used to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include: â€Å"What would you like to ee different about your current situation† or â€Å"What will happen if you don't change† (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, â€Å"It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970's TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also more likely to elaborate on their story (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, â€Å"So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you won't take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up,† (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to change;Katey especially liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors hav e tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as substance abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesn't seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are willing.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesn't own up to them; which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about bef ore. Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There are some specific strategies that have been used to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes: assessing the client's view of the issue and seeing if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, helping the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isn't about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses t echniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together; they can examine goals and resolve ambivalence, therefore; motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be used to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include: â€Å"What would you like to ee different about your current situation† or â€Å"What will happen if you don't change† (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, â€Å"It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970's TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also more likely to elaborate on their story (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, â€Å"So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you won't take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up,† (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to change;Katey especially liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors hav e tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as substance abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesn't seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are willing.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesn't own up to them; which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about bef ore. Motivational Interviewing It is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is intended to assist and enhance a person’s intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically directed conversation about the person’s use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used are micro skills (open – ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a person’s current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillf ully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse; they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeless are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that ev entually will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows:Optimistic and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldn’t come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as: Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self – efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to strengthen his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation: readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities; you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is ope n freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis; it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted a nd other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsis tent, illogical and detrimental to the persons’ pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness – producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico – empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self – defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the â€Å"A† or activating event. A’s are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesn’t cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirect ly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a person’s emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force p eople to change. People doesn’t like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions; anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus; it is directly targeted on the individual’s main problem.References:Dryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis: Seminal Writ ing on Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Training Manual. New York: Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational – Emotive Therapy. New York: Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD: U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693. Motivational Interviewing It is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is intended to assist and enhance a person’s intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically directed conversation about the person’s use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used are micro skills (open – ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a person’s current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillf ully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse; they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeless are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that ev entually will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows:Optimistic and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldn’t come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as: Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self – efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to strengthen his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation: readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities; you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is ope n freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis; it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted a nd other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsis tent, illogical and detrimental to the persons’ pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness – producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico – empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self – defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the â€Å"A† or activating event. A’s are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesn’t cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirect ly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a person’s emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force p eople to change. People doesn’t like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions; anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus; it is directly targeted on the individual’s main problem.References:Dryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis: Seminal Writ ing on Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Training Manual. New York: Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational – Emotive Therapy. New York: Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD: U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693.

Essay on Integrated Marketing part 2Essay Writing Service

Essay on Integrated Marketing part 2Essay Writing Service Essay on Integrated Marketing part 2 Essay on Integrated Marketing part 2Essay on Integrated Marketing   part  1In such a situation, the company needs to enhance the brand revival strategy through back-up strategies contributing to the revival of the brand (Calder, 2002). In this respect, it is worth mentioning the fact that the recovery of the brand strategy of the United Airlines should involve the enhancement of environmental policies of the company (Lawrence, 2010). In actuality, customers grow more and more concerned with environmental issues, while the aviation industry is traditionally perceived as one of the major source of the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. In such a situation, the development of the new environmental policy of the company will contributed to the consistent enhancement of the brand of the United Airlines.In actuality, the company has already made several attempts to decrease the fuel consumption and decrease its negative environmental impact but these attempts have been just e xperiments (Royse, 2006). Therefore, today, the company should make the fuel-efficiency of its aircrafts the major priority in a long-run perspective. Customers should become aware of the environmental concerns of the United Airlines that will create a positive brand image of the company among its target customer group (Gwynn, 2004). However, this strategy is difficult to implement because the introduction of environment friendly policies is costly. In addition, the United Airlines depends on its suppliers of aircrafts. Therefore, the company cannot construct aircrafts to make them more environment friendly. The only option the company has in this regard is the choice of the supplier. Hence, the company should consider the possibility of choosing the supplier that offers the most fuel-efficient aircrafts to renew its fleet.Another important factor that may contribute to the enhancement of the brand image is the enhancement of the flight safety. Customers should be absolutely certain in their safety before and during the flight (Benfari, 2009). Since 9/11 customers of the United Airlines cannot be absolutely certain in their safety, while the United Airlines is perceived as the company that was the subject to terror attacks. The change of the customer perception of the company’s safety is crucial for regaining the popularity of the brand of the United Airlines (Newel, 2011). In this respect, the company can focus on the introduction of technological innovations that may detect the presence of explosives or weapon on the aircraft that will secure passengers of the company’s aircrafts.In addition, the company may enhance the physical protection of passengers and improve the safety of aircrafts through the increase of their resistance to the impact of explosive or gun shots. For example, the company can introduce the new coverage of fuselage of aircrafts that will be bullet-proof. In fact, the point is to persuade customers that the company has reall y made its aircrafts safer and more resistant to either internal or external influences triggered by potential terrorists.However, the most efficient way for the enhancement of the security of the flights conducted by the company is the employment of the professional security agents, who can monitor passengers of each flight and help to detain those passengers, whose behaviour is suspicious. The enhancement of the security of United Airlines flights is still the major condition of the successful recovery of the brand.Finally, the company should increase substantially investments into advertising and, more important, the company should conduct the large scale promotional campaign to attract customers and to shame the new brand image to revive the popularity of its brand among customers. In fact, without promotion, the aforementioned strategies will not work effectively.The promotional campaign should focus on the target customer group of the United Airlines and the company should use the promotional campaign to change the public image of its brand and persuade customers that the company is reliable. In addition, the United Airlines should revive its brand image as the image of the leader of the airline industry of the US. Historically the United Airlines held a strong, leading position in the US airline industry (Pine Gilmore, 2009). In such a situation, the company should remind its customers of its leadership and take the leading position in the US market. At the same time, the company can consider the possibility of the further international market expansion that will also need the enhancement of the brand image of the company and the development of the new brand in new markets.  Thus, the United Airlines has a considerable potential to maintain its leading position in the US market and to enhance consistently its position in international markets. However, at the moment, the company has to regain the popularity of its brand that will facilitate the furth er business development of the company and attract more customers to services offered by the company. Today, the brand can play the determinant part in the competitive struggle between rivals (Schmitt, 2011). The United Airlines should focus on the enhancement of security of its flights after 9/11. In addition, the company should consider the possibility of the introduction of fuel efficient and environment friendly policies and technologies to attract customers, who are concerned with environmental issues. However, the major condition of the enhancement and revival of the brand of the United Airlines is the enhancement of the quality management that should include the introduction of the total quality management that will lead to the formation of a positive brand image of the company in a long-run perspective.

The Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal essays

The Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal essays On January 17th, 1998, President Clinton videotaped a deposition for the Paula Jones lawsuit against him. December 19th, eleven months later, Bill Clinton became only the second president in our nation's history to face impeachment from congress. The 1998-1999 was a tumultuous year for the President, the media, and the American people as a whole. Yet, the most intriguing and surprising aspect of the scandal was not that Bill Clinton would ever cheat on his wife or that his administration would survive such a terrible scandal. Nor was it a revelation that the media would be zealously intrigued by a sex scandal involving the President. The one aspect of the Lewinksy Scandal that was truly interesting was the response of the public. Despite the knowledge that Clinton had an affair with an intern and probably lied about it, Clinton's job approval rating did not decrease or even stay the same- his ratings rose to levels approaching 70% Every time a new damning piece of evidence came to light, media pundits everywhere believed that Clinton's ratings would fall. Yet, they were wrong. The Republican Party believed that the scandal would finally bring down Clinton and his popular support. They also were wrong and paid a considerable political price. How did this happen? To help understand and explain this phenomenon, I will examine three political actors the President, the media, and the public - and their relationship with each other. I will discuss President Clinton's past and his history of scandals. The way that each actor has dealt with Clinton's scandal-ridden past has had an important effect on how each responded to and was affected by the Lewinsky Scandal. Each actor's respective response to the scandal will be illustrated and then explained. While many explanations have emerged to explain or at least make sense of the Lewinsky scandal and its effect on politics, I believe that the best explanation lies in studyi...

How and why does ethnic identity affect the beauty cross-culturally Research Paper

How and why does ethnic identity affect the beauty cross-culturally - Research Paper Example Often, it is the financial imperatives of mass consumerism that gains the upper hand. As a consequence, ethno-cultural idea of beauty is in a process of losing its prominence. This essay will further substantiate this claim, namely, that ethnic identity mediated notions of beauty is challenged and weakened in contemporary America. To begin with, let us take the case of the United States which has evolved as a melting pot of cultures, races and ethnicities. As a result, American society has developed the aesthetics that is based on inclusiveness as opposed to exclusiveness. While this inclusiveness is a sign of racial equality in one sense, it has less noble connotations, too. In other words, the assimilation of African Americans into mainstream culture is as much a reflection of social progress as it is a measure of commercial opportunity. â€Å"As minority spending power and social interactions of different racial groups in America have increased over time, advertisers have increas ingly been concerned with reaching minority ethnic groups through visual inclusion. With minority purchasing power increasing, this contingency could no longer be ignored by marketers. However, many companies were initially leery of offending the White majority that was their consumer base. In a 1953 study, only 0.6% of ads contained African Americans. By 1980, that frequency had increased to approximately 5.7%, indicating that the country was becoming more comfortable with the use of Blacks in advertisements.† 1 One of the key features of ethnic identity is skin tone. It is also a key factor in racial classification. Skin tone is not merely a statistical or academic detail in practical life. For an individual, his or her skin tone has implications in all realms of life – be it social, official or political. Skin tone is also identified as a specific variable at the root of racially related issues. Hence, while universality of beauty is a laudable idea, the flip side of it is discouraging. For example, researchers have correlated skin tone with â€Å"feelings of self worth, attractiveness, self control, satisfaction, and with quality of life.† 2 The theory of ‘colorism’ is of salience here, which states that people of lighter-skin tone (across ethnicities) are given privilege over dark-skinned members of the same community. The interesting finding here is the applicability of this concept across and between ethnic groups. For example, â€Å"African American's tend to feel more favorable towards Black models with a lighter skin tone. This phenomenon is not exclusive to African Americans because colorism is concerned with actual skin tone, as opposed to racial or ethnic identity. Research done by Shyon Baumann (2008) has shown that people within our culture, regardless of race, have a set of ideals about how people should ideally look, including judgments regarding skin color. Lightness and darkness of skin tone have specific me anings attached to them and we subconsciously relate those meanings to those we encounter.† 3 The statistical veracity of the theory of colorism is a setback to ethnically identified notions of beauty. It is a serious dent to the preservation of authenticity and nativity in an atmosphere saturated with uniformity and conformity. There are qualifications to the theory of colorism though for people with strong ethnic identification feel more affinity towards a model which resembles their own features. Likewise, black consumers generally respond